Psalm 82 and 89: God among the gods?

May 25, 2026

Why do some Psalms say such strange things? What do we do with the language of 'gods' or 'sons of gods' in the Bible? Some highlights from two recent Bible expositions I gave on Psalm 82 & 89.

I gave two talks the last two weeks on two rather odd and bizarre Psalms: Psalm 82 & Psalm 89. These two prayers say things like this:

God has taken his place in the divine council, in the midst of the gods he holds judgement (82:1)

You are gods, children of the Most High… but you will die like mortals (82:6-7)

Who among the sons of gods is like the LORD? (89:6)

A God feared in the council of the holy ones… (89:7)

There’s a lot of material that seems, frankly, a bit odd. If Judaism and Christianity are monotheistic, how on earth do we make sense of these kinds of psalms?

Do we just ignore them and pray the bits we do like (such as ‘singing of God’s steadfast love’ in 89:1)?

 

If these are part of what's often known as the 'prayerbook of the Bible', how on earth do we pray these particular prayers? Do they suggest that maybe we should shift to thinking about God as one god among many?! But isn't that heresy?


So what are we to do?!


***

The first thing to do is this: don’t panic!


There’s a lot of language in the Bible that’s strange and hard to understand. It’s not the Old Testament alone either—have you checked out Revelation 12 recently? Or any of the chapters past the letters to the churches?


What we need is a better lens. A better approach.


1.    Ancient Imagery is not Like Ours!

The Israelites were an ancient semitic people among various ancient semitic peoples. The Canaanites had ideas about the gods and their storm god Baal. Who fought various mythological foes like the Dragon (Lotan), the Sea (Yammu), and Death (Mot). The Babylonians had their own story called the Enuma Elish, that told of one god Marduk stepping up to the plate to defeat a vengeful Tiamat and her armies who were in opposition to the gods. He defeated her and fashioned creation from her corpse. At the end, the other gods enthroned him and lauded his name.


Israel was not immune from this language—and even found it useful! In some passages they use what's called the cosmic battle myth (i.e. a battle between G/god and chaos, e.g. Baal vs Dragon/Sea/Tiamat or Marduk vs Tiamat). They use that type of language to talk about God's victory in Creation (e.g. 89:9-11), as well as His victory in bringing his people out of slavery in Egypt (e.g. Ps 77:16-20).


What seems to be clear is this: Israel drew on this imagery but reinterpreted the other 'gods' (or ‘sons of gods’). Deuteronomy 32:7-8 and other passages talk about how God appointed these beings to be appointed powers over different people groups.[1] They weren’t God in the sense of a Creator God (Read though Isaiah 40-55 and this point is repeatedly made). No they were ‘gods’ in the sense of being some other kind of spiritual being.


God is still God. There’s still no one like him. He made the heavens and the earth (89:11). But there exists in the heavens other beings beyond God, angels and demons (and the Devil).


2.    So what do Psalm 82 and 89 do with the language?

Without going into it verse by verse, here’s what I am persuaded these two psalms are about:


Psalm 82 recognises that the ‘gods’ have some limited, delegated power. These heavenly beings have tasks given to them by God. But these heavenly beings are like subpar employees who are underperforming! Their job, as rulers over designated peoples and nations, was to execute justice and help those in need, but instead they had opted to lift up and exalt those who were taking advantage and trampling on the poor (vv.2-4). This is a big problem for the Psalmist: justice and righteousness is part of the fabric of creation. It’s part of who God is. In contrast, these other powers show their non-divinity by their unjust actions. So the Psalm concludes with a reiteration that these beings are actually created beings subject to death. And then the Psalmist cries out to God Most High for the justice and righting of wrongs he longs to see.


TL:DR? Psalm 82 exposes false gods as created spiritual beings and remembers that only God Most High is unfailingly good, true and just.


Psalm 89 goes in a slightly different direction. It begins with praise of God whose character is true. The Psalm uses God’s activity and status in the heavens (as well as his promises to David) as evidence of this. The language of the gods is used as a point of comparison: God is fearful to other heavenly beings themselves because He is God Most High. He made heaven and earth—Creation itself is testament to his unchanging, unwavering commitment and love. He is steadfast and faithful. (The unnerving thing here is that by the end of the Psalm, he’s using that praise and positivity to protest and lament to God that He seems to have abandoned the psalmist himself). The language of the gods (aka 'divine council' or 'heavenly beings') serves as a foil to declare that God is incomparable. None are like him. He's cut from a different cloth. There may be a vast array of heavenly powers, but none are God Most High.


TL:DR? Psalm 89 uses heavenly beings to exalt God as unique: he is unyieldingly steadfast and trustworthy (before the Psalmist later uses this to complain that his experience of life suggests something else and demands that God shows up and acts!).


3.    So what difference does it make?

A lot! Both psalms are written from a place of experience of or witness to suffering and wrongdoing. Unfair and immoral treatment of the vulnerable and those with no one to defend them.


  • It helps to remember that when evil seems to abound it is not simply a human affair. There are powers, there are heavenly beings, that do not act justly. Who do not care. As Ephesians 6:12 talks about—our battle is not against flesh and blood. It's not an excuse for fatalism, but it does give us grounds to recgonise there is more going on than meets the eye.


  • It also helps to remember that God is still God. The Bible bears witness to these powers, but also bears witness to the One who is God over all. God of all gods. There’s only so much we can do to change the world around us. It is God who will one day hold all such powers to account. And all human powers too.


  • It helps us see more of what God has done in Christ. Ephesians 2-3 talks about how Christ through the Cross has defeated all such powers and is bringing about a new creation. Jew and Gentile. People who were allied to various different powers, from different nations and places, are in Christ part of a new humanity. That is our primary identity as part of a new covenant with God Most High. We, as the body of Christ in all our diversity, are witnesses of what God has done in Christ to the powers themselves (Eph 3:10). The whole ‘old order’ is passing away. We are in Christ, our citizenship in God’s kingdom, and this far outweighs any political, national or other affiliation. (In fact, to put those identities first is to go back to being under lesser heavenly powers and forsake God Most High. And why would we do that?!)


In my talks in Wycliffe Chapel, I suggested that we might need to ‘rewild’ our cosmology—reimagine our view of God and the spiritual realm. The world around us is vast. Ecosystems thrive on biodiversity (and so does your gut biome!). What if the same is true of the heavens? Maybe it’s wilder than ever imagined. Which makes God all the more awesome in his incomparability.


******




[1] Full disclosure, there are various different takes on the 'gods'/'sons of gods' langauge in Deut 32:7-8 and elsewhere, but I'm persuaded that this language is mythological and that there is a clear sense of appointed heavenly powers.


Photo by Zoltan Tasi on Unsplash

By Suse McBay June 24, 2026
Peter Murrell, a Scottish political worker and now ex-husband of Nicola Sturgeon (former SNP party leader), was this week sentenced to 5 years in prison for embezzlement. Over the years he had used party money to buy all manner of things. It began with a Play Station 3 but escalated, to buying silver wine coaster, a Jaguar, and a motor home (the list goes on and on). Now embezzlement is not new. Nor is using political office for personal gain. But what struck me were the comments from the lawyer following the sentencing: “ The accused is now an individual overwhelmed by feelings of embarrassment and shame .” Shame. We don’t know if it’s true or not, but I wonder how you respond to hearing such contrition? Responses can range from the judgemental (“ Good! He deserves it ”) to the overly sympathetic (“ Perhaps he’s learned his lesson ”). But regardless of where we individually fall on the sympathy scale, it was an interesting example of what I’ve been thinking about recently: healthy shame . Mr Murrell has undeniably done something wrong and has betrayed the office given to him. He’s estranged from his wife. He’s headed to prison. He was there to represent the people, but instead, he has preyed on the sheep (Ezek. 34:2 has things to say about this). That uncomfortable feeling of recognising where we have transgressed our limits and have become hoodwinked by our own hubris and entitlement. His inadequacies have been publicly exposed. His dirty laundry is out in public. We may be more accustomed to scandal given the internet age, so we may be desensitised to it, but I bet Peter Murrell is not. When it happens to you, it’s painful. It’s uncomfortable. It’s exposing. I’m no psychologist, so I’d recommend John Bradshaw’s book on Healing the Shame That Binds You , if you want to think more about it. Dan Allender and Tremper Longman have a good Christian reflection on different emotions in Cry of the Soul. But I’ve been noticing where healthy shame appears in Scripture. Shame crops up again and again and again. I’m still in the early stages of thinking about where it appears and why, but one clear example of where it occurs is in scenes of divine judgement, both those in the present and those yet to come. God’s People Exposed (1) Daniel 12:1-4 talks about how Jewish believers in the 2 nd century BCE would be raised. The wise and understanding ones who didn’t comply with the political schemes of Antiochus IV would be raised to shine like stars. The others? Those who had aligned themselves with the emperor and in the process forsaken their covenant loyalty to God? They would be faced with everlasting shame (and contempt). (2) Jeremiah 2 has strong words for God’s people of Israel who have got so wrapped up in themselves they have stopped seeking where God is at work and instead are playing with other idols under the illusion of thinking they’re faithful because they keep the Law. They even say they don’t run after false gods (v.23). They’ve tried to seek out gain from the political powers (v.18) rather than humbly submit themselves to God (v.20). The result? They will be put to shame by Egypt (v.36). In an eerily similar statement to the news from Scotland: “As a thief is shamed when caught, So the house of Israel shall be shamed: They, their kings, their officials, Their priests, and their prophets.” (Jer 2:26) And the same is true in the New Testament. Mark 8:38 says this: "Those who are ashamed of me and of my words in this adulterous and sinful generation, of them the Son of Man will also be ashamed when he comes in the glory of his Father with the holy angels." I suspect these are words for people who don’t listen to Jesus’ words in the preceding lines: the message that to follow Jesus is to take up your cross, deny yourself. Surrender your own wants and desires. Those who, like Peter, wanted to avoid death. Avoid suffering. Avoid hardship. Those who wanted a Messiah that came on a horse not a donkey. One who wore a crown of gold, not one of thorns. ** So what a bout us? How do we avoid that fate? Well, like a bill that if you don’t pay now you’ll be paying a lot more later, we need to start facing our inner shame today. Both the healthy shame and the shame we’ve been given that doesn’t belong to us. We might take some time to pray, be still, listen. See what comes up when we think about our uncomfortable feelings that usually stay in the shadows. The great gift of shame is that it shows us our limits. Where we’ve crossed the line and harmed ourselves, others, and our relationship with God. Where we’ve tried to be more than human (or acted in fear that we’re less than human). But shame also dies on exposure. Though I’d also add that shame dies on exposure in the presence of a loving other. We find a person or a group where we can start doing the crazy thing and actually revealing our shameful selves to others. Peter Murrell is full of shame, his lawyer says. The question is: what will he do with it? Will he use this public humiliation to face himself as he is? Does he have people around him to listen to him and to help him through it? I hope so. Genuinely. I hope that for all of us. That we would have the courage to allow the One who is Light to bring light into the midst of our shame today. To bring us out of hiding. Shame is a horrible feeling: I’m not a fan. But I do know that on the other side is acceptance, serenity, and a joy that really does make it worth it. It is true freedom—and it’s only in that freedom I can become who God has made me to be. Because whatever I’ve done, however humiliating, the deepest truth of all is that I’m made in the image of God. I am loved. ****** Photo by K. Mitch Hodge on Unsplash
By Suse McBay May 26, 2026
What did Paul really teach? What is God's relationship to the nations? Here are the talks I gave in Houston in April 2026, which hopefully help to answer both questions!

Join us in Oxford in 2025!

Subscribe to

My Newsletter

Sign up here to receive quarterly updates (and occasional other news blasts) about how ministry is going and our move to the U.K.